What is the gut microbiome's role in motility of the stomach, small intestine, and colon?

[EvaJak]

Can microbiome causes stomach to empty slower, or small intestine? Or is just effecting the motility in the large intestines??

 

[Michael Harrop]

There's a section on motility on the SIBO page: https://humanmicrobiome.info/sibo/#motility

I see the large and small intestines both covered, but I didn't see specific mention/citations for the stomach. However, it would surprise me if microbes did not influence motility in the stomach, as the whole digestive tract is connected. Eg:

the stomach ‘senses’ the composition of the gastric content and this information is passed via the vagal nerve to the lateral hypothalamus and the limbic system, most likely as palatability signals that influence eating behaviour.

In relation to motility, infection with H pylori has been linked to increased expression of glucagon-like-peptide-1 and accelerated gastrointestinal transit in 1 animal model; in patients with FD, however, the presence of H pylori infection did not seem to affect gastric emptying rate

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1521691814001528

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I did a search and found this:
Microflora Modulation of Motility https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3093005/

Changes in fermentation influence motor function, not just in the colon, but at sites as distant as the lower esophageal sphincter39 and stomach.40

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But that "40" citation links to:
Colonic fermentation and proximal gastric tone in humans https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(96)00347-2/fulltext

And I can't find any mention of "stomach" there.